Ubusanzwe, ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga buyobowe n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w’Ubucuruzi,’World Trade Organization (WTO). Inkomoko yawo ikaba nyuma y’intambara ya kabiri y’isi (1940-1945).
Kuva icyo gihe, Amerika n’Uburayi nibyo byigabanyije inshingano mu kugena uko ubukungu bw’isi buzagenda, Banki y’isi iba iy’Abanyamerika n’aho Ikigega mpuzamahanga cy’imari kiba icy’Abanyaburayi.
Byemerejwe mu nama yabereye mu Mujyi wa Bretton Woods muri Leta ya New Hampshire muri Amerika yitabiriwe n’abantu 730 bavuye mu bihugu 44.
Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’Ubucuruzi World Trade Organization wo wemejwe mu mwaka wa 1995 mu nama yabereye i Marrakesh muri Maroc usimbura uwitwaga General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade wari warashinzwe mu mwaka wa 1948.
Aho Ubushinwa bubereye igihugu gikomeye mu bucuruzi, Amerika yasanze ifite umukeba ukomeye bituma itekereza uko ibintu byahinduka.
Ku bantu bazi igisoro, bazi uko bigenda iyo umubugu ahindura umuvuno.
Bumwe mu buryo Amerika ya Trump iri kubikoramo ni ugushyiraho imisoro ku bihugu hafi ya byose by’isi ngo ikunde ibone uko inganda zayo zibona amasoko haba imbere mu gihugu no hanze yacyo.
Ubu iyo misoro iri kuri 15%.
Mu mwaka wa 2025, Trump yahaye u Burayi igipimo ntarengwa cy’imisoro n’igihe cyo kuyihagarika by’agateganyo.
Yahaye u Buyapani na Koreya y’Epfo umwanya ku meza y’ibiganiro biherekejwe n’amasezerano y’ishoramari no gukaza ubufatanye mu by’umutekano; naho u Bushinwa buhabwa agahenge k’igihe gito ku misoro ihanitse Amerika yari yarabushyiriyeho.
Gusa muri iki gihe hari impinduka zikomeye mu buryo amakimbirane y’ubucuruzi ateye.
Mu gushaka kuyakemura, ntibikigendera cyane ku byemejwe n’amategeko ya WTO, ahubwo bishingira ku biganiro bya politiki byihariye Amerika igirana na buri Karere na buri gihugu.
Impamvu imwe ni uko Urwego rw’Ubujurire ry’Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’Ubucuruzi bita Appellate Body rwacitse intege.
Nubwo imiterere y’amategeko irugenda igihari, ubushobozi bwo gutanga imyanzuro ya nyuma ishobora gushyirwa mu bikorwa bwaragabanutse cyane.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, amakimbirane ashingiye ku misoro ya gasutamo ntakigengwa n’inkiko, ahubwo akemurwa n’amasezerano yumvikanwaho mu biganiro bikorerwa mu gicucu cy’amategeko yitirirwa WTO.
Ku buyobozi bwa Trump, imisoro yabaye igikoresho cyoroshye cyo gukuramo inyungu zitandukanye—nk’ishoramari, guhuza amategeko n’ibipimo, ndetse n’amasezerano y’umutekano—bitewe n’akarere n’umutungo gakungahayeho.
Ubwisungane mu Bucuruzi n’Intege nke muri Amerika ya Ruguru n’u Burayi
Muri Amerika ya Ruguru n’u Burayi, amakimbirane ajyanye n’imisoro akorera mu mibanire y’ubukungu isanzwe yegeranye cyane, ku buryo gukomeza kuzamura umwuka mubi biba bibahenda cyane, ariko bikaba bigoye kubyirinda mu rwego rwa politiki.
Ubuyobozi bwa Trump bwashyizeho umusoro wa 25% ku modoka n’ibikoresho byazo ku isi yose, harimo n’ibitumizwa muri Canada na Mexique—hatitawe ku iyubahirizwa ry’amasezerano asanzwe hagati y’impande zombi yitwa United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)—uretse gusa ibikomoka muri Amerika byashyizwe mu modoka zateranyirijwe muri ibyo bihugu.
Ibi byakurikiwe n’ikiswe “umusoro wisubiranya ku isi,” cyashyizeho umusoro fatizo wa 10% n’indi misoro iri hejuru ku bihugu bimwe na bimwe.
Ibiganiro byakurikiyeho byatanze ibisubizo bitangana kandi by’igihe gito.
Canada ifite ubukungu bushingiye cyane ku isoko rya Amerika, aho hafi 75% by’ibyo yohereza hanze bijya muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu gihe hafi 90% by’imbaho, aluminiyumu n’icyuma(cuivre) byoherezwa mu Majyepfo, yashyizweho igitutu gikomeye cy’umusoro.
Umusoro rusange wa 30% ku bicuruzwa bya Canada kandi ibi bishobora kugabanya umusaruro mbumbe wa Canada (GDP) ho hafi 1.8%.
Mexique yo yakomeje kuguma mu biganiro by’igihe kirekire: nubwo yatewe ubwoba bw’umusoro rusange wa 35%, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryawo ryahagaritswe by’agateganyo, hasigara ibicuruzwa byubahiriza amasezerano ya USMCA bikoreshwa nk’iturufu yo kuganiriraho
U Burayi nabwo bwahuye n’iki kibazo.
Amasezerano y’ubucuruzi hagati y’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi na Amerika yo muri Nyakanga 2025 agaragaza umuhati wo kugabanya izamuka ry’amakimbirane aho guteza imbere ubwisanzure bwuzuye mu bucuruzi, hashyizweho umusoro wa 15% ku bicuruzwa byinshi byoherezwa muri Amerika.
Ibi bireba inzego nyinshi zirimo imodoka, ibyuma by’ikoranabuhanga (semiconductors), imiti, n’imbaho.
Ariko hari ibicuruzwa byihariye nk’ibice by’indege, imiti isanzwe (generic pharmaceuticals), n’imiti-mvaruganda byashyiriweho umusoro wa 0% cyangwa uri hafi ya 0%.
Aya masezerano ntiyakemuye amakimbirane binyuze mu manza zo muri WTO, ahubwo yashyizeho imipaka yumvikanyweho n’ubufatanye bw’igihe gito, harimo no gukorera hamwe no gusaranganya cuivre na aluminiyumu.
Icyerekezo Rusange
Mu buryo bufatika, izamurwa ry’imisoro ryakurikiwe n’ibiganiro, kwihorera no gushaka guhimana mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi bamwe bashaka guhombya abandi.
Mu mwaka wa 2019, guhagarara k’Urwego rw’Ubujurire rwa WTO—kwatewe n’ishyirwaho ry’abanyamategeko bikozwe na Amerika—bitera icyuho hagati y’icibwa ry’imanza n’ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’imyanzuro yazo.
Mumategeko ya WTO, imyanzuro y’akanama itangira gukurikizwa iyo yemejwe, ariko ubu igihugu cyatsinzwe gishobora kuyijuririra ariko nta cyizere cy’uko izumvwa.
Ibi bituma imyanzuro itishimiwe ishobora guteshwa agaciro n’igihugu kimwe rukumbi, bigakuraho ubushobozi bwa WTO bwo kugenzura izamuka ry’imisoro no kugenzura iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko.
Mu gihe idolari rya Amerika rikomeje guhaka andi mafaranga, bizagorana ko hagira ikindi gihugu kiyobora ubukungu bw’isi.
IntambaraAmerika igiye kumara amasaha 48 itangije kuri Irani nayo ishobora kuzatuma Uburasirazuba bwo Hagati buhindura isura mu mikorere, ibintu bizatuma igiciro cya peteroli ku isi gihinduka mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi.
Ibyo gukoresha ingufu zisubira, Amerika ntibikozwa kuko isanga ari uburyo bwo kuyihombya.
Uburayi n’Ubushinwa bo bashyize imbaraga muri uru rwego, bakavuga ko ari bwo buzarinda isi akaga gakururwa n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
Trump aherutse gutangiza icyo yise Board of Peace, kigamije kuzasimbura UN.
Gusa nacyo ntikiravugwaho rumwe n’amahanga.
Isi ya none iteye k’uburyo gukurikiranira hafi ibiyiberamo ari ingenzi cyane kurusha ikindi gihe mu mateka.
