Ese wize amateka n’ubumenyi bw’isi? Waba se ushishikazwa no kumenya uko abantu b’ubu bamenya ibyabaye mu binyejana byahise? Niba ari umwe muri aba, inkuru y’Umugereki wo mu mwaka 2,400 ishize witwa Hérodote yagushishikaza.
Abahanga bavuga ko kutamenya amateka ari intege nke zishobora gukururira akaga abantu ubwabo n’ibihugu muri rusange.
Ni naho havuye imvugo y’uko ‘utazi iyo ava atamenya iyo ajya’.
Tugarutse kuri Hérodote, reka dusuzume aho abahanga mu mateka bahera bemeza ko ari we kitegererezo mu kuyandika.
Uwo muntu yabayeho kera, ubu hakaba hashize imyaka igera ku 2.400, hari mu kinyejana cya gatanu Mbere ya Yesu.
Yanditse igitabo kimwe cy’Amateka bita Histoires kigabanyije mu mizingo icyenda, kikaba gikubiyemo ibintu bifatika byerekana uko abantu benshi bo mu bihugu byo mu Burarizaruba bw’isi, mu Misiri n’ahandi, babagaho.
Hérodote yiyemeje gukora ubushakashatsi ku ntandaro z’intambara z’Abagiriki, by’umwihariko ku bitero Abaperesi bagabye mu wa 490 no mu wa 480 Mbere ya Yesu.
Ibyo bitero byabaye Hérodote akiri umwana, aho akuriye agira amatsiko y’ingirakamaro yo kumenya icyateye izo ntambara.
Uretse ibyo bitero, nanone yanditse ibirebana n’ibyo yabonye mu bihugu byagendaga byigarurirwa n’Abaperesi.
Hérodote yari umuhanga mu kubara inkuru. Yasobanuraga inkuru neza kandi abishishikariye, mbese ntagire na kimwe asiga.
Inyandiko ze zirihariye kuko zidashingiye ku makuru yabaga yarabitswe mu butegetsi cyane cyane ko amakuru nkayo atapfaga kuboneka.
Icyo gihe cye, abagerageje kugira ibyo bandika bari bake kuko handikwaga amagambo agaragaza ibigwi by’abantu gusa, na bwo akandikwa ku bibumbano, ibyo bita clay tablets.
Hérodote yaritegerezaga, agasesengura imigenzo gakondo n’ibyo abandi bantu bamubwiraga.
Kugira ngo akusanye amakuru, byamusabye gukora ingendo mu bihugu bitandukanye.
Ubusanzwe uyu mugabo (-485–425 BC) yakuriye mu gace kakoronizwaga n’u Bugiriki kitwa Halicarnassus (Bodrum y’ubu mu majyepfo ya Turukiya) kandi yasuye u Bugiriki kenshi.
Ikinyamakuru cyandika ku bushakashatsi muri byinshi kitwa PLOS One kivuga ko nanone yiyemeje kujya mu majyaruguru, yerekeza ku Nyanja Yirabura no mu mugi wa Scythie muri Ukraine y’ubu.
Yakomereje mu majyepfo yerekeza muri Palesitina no muri Egiputa y’Epfo. Mu burasirazuba, asa n’aho yageze i Babuloni, arangiriza urugendo rwe mu burengerazuba, mu gace kakoronizwaga n’u Bugiriki, ubu hakaba ari mu majyepfo y’u Butaliyani.
Aho yajyaga hose yaritegerezaga kandi akabaza, maze agakusanya amakuru ayakuye ku bantu yabonaga ko bashobora kumuha amakuru yizewe.
Ukuri kw’ibyo yanditse ni ukuhe?
Ni iki cyemeza ko ibyo yanditse ari ukuri? Ibyo yiboneye n’amaso ye ndetse n’ibihugu yanyuzemo ni gihamya y’uko ibyo yanditse ari ukuri.
Nanone uko yagiye asobanura imihango itaboneka mu Bugiriki, urugero nk’iyakorwaga mu gihe cyo gushyingura abami b’Abasikuti, cyangwa uko Abanyegiputa bosaga imirambo, bihuje neza n’ibyavumbuwe mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo.
Ubushakashatsi mu byataburuwe mu matongo babwita Archéologie.
Hari abavuga ko ibyo yanditse kuri Egiputa “ari byinshi kandi ko ari iby’ingenzi kuruta ibindi byose byanditswe kera bivuga iby’icyo gihugu.”
Icyakora iyo yabaga adafite ibimenyetso bifatika yashingiraho, yapfaga kwandika.
Uretse n’ibyo, abantu bo mu gihe cye bemeraga ko ibigirwamana bigira uruhare mu mibereho y’abantu.
Ubwo rero, dukurikije ibyo abahanga mu by’amateka bo muri iki gihe baheraho bemeza ko amateka runaka ahuje n’ukuri, ntitwakwemeza ko ibyo yanditse byose ari ukuri.
Kimwe muri byinshi ashimirwa ni uko yagerageje gutandukanya inkuru y’impamo n’amakabyankuru.
Yavuze ko ibyo yabwiwe byose atakwemeza ko ari ukuri. Yandikaga ibintu ari uko amaze kugereranya no gusesengura amakuru yabaga avanye hirya no hino.
Igitabo cye, Histoires, ni cyo kintu cy’ingenzi yakoze mu buzima bwe. Ukurikije ubushobozi yari afite, wavuga ko yakoze igikorwa cy’indashyikirwa.
Umwanditsi witwa Cicéron wabayeho mu bwami bwa Roma (106-43 Mbere ya Yesu), yavuze ko Hérodote ari uwa mbere mu banditsi b’amateka, ahanini bitewe n’igitabo cye cyasobanuye neza amateka y’ibyabayeho kugeza mu gihe cye.
Hari n’abahanga bemeza ko kiriya gitabo kizahora gihuje n’igihe.
Ntikivuga amateka gusa, ahubwo kinavuga ibirebana n’imibereho y’abantu, ubumenyi bw’isi, tewolojiya, filozofiya, politiki n’inkuru zibabaje.
Hérodote yatanze amakuru y’umwimerere y’ibyo yiboneye mu Bugiriki, mu burengerazuba bwa Aziya no muri Egiputa, kandi hari mu bihe bigoye.
Umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umutaliyani Arnaldo Dante Momigliano (5 Nzeri 1908 – 1, Nzeri, 1987) yanditse ko we na bagenzi be babonye ibimenyetso bihagije bibemeza ko ibyo Hérodote yanditse ‘ari ukuri’.
Mu gusubiramo ibyo yanditse muri imwe mu nyandiko ze, Nimukanguke! ( Akanyamakuru k’Abahamya ba Yehova) yanditse ko Mamigliano yagize ati: “Abahanga mu by’amateka bo mu Burengerazuba bw’isi, basuzumye ibyo Hérodote yanditse bifashishije ibyataburuwe mu matongo n’ubumenyi bafite mu ndimi atari azi, bemeza ko yasobanuye mu buryo buhuje n’ukuri ibyo yabonye, kandi ko ibyo yabwiwe yabivuze uko biri. Aho yaba yaribeshye, byaba byaratewe n’abamuhaye amakuru atari yo, cyangwa se akaba yarumvise nabi ibyo bamubwiye.”
Mu magambo make uwo niwe Hérodote, Umugereki ku isi bemeza ko ari we kitegererezo cy’abahanga mu mateka ku isi hose.
