Imihindagurikire y’ikirere ikomeje guteza Afurika ibizazane by’ubwoko bwinshi! Raporo iherutse gutangazwa turi bugarukaho mu kanya, yerekana ko amashyamba yo kuri uyu mugabane ari gutemwa ku bwinshi bigatuma aho yari ateye humagara.
Afurika niwo mugabane w’isi ufite amashyamba menshi cyane cyane ayo mu nsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara. Ayo mashyamba niyo aturukamo imigezi n’inzuzi nini nka Nili iha amazi ibice byinshi by’uyu mugabane.
Imihindagurikire y’ikirere yatumye gishyuha, nabyo bigabanya ingano y’amazi y’imvura yari isanzwe igwa mu myaka 20 cyangwa irenga ishize.
Ubushakashatsi iyi nkuru ishingiyeho buvuga ko mu myaka 20 ishize gutema amashyamba byagabanyije ubuso yari ateyeho hirya no hino ku mugabane w’Afurika ku kigero cya 18%.
Ingaruka zabaye iz’uko ubushyuhe mu bice bituriye aho ayo mashyamba yari ateye bwazamutseho 1.4C bituma ibicu byatangaga imvura bizamuka mu butumburuke ku kigero cya metero 230 uvuye ku butaka.
Nabyo byatumye urugero ibicu byakiriragaho amazi atutumba(evaporated water) ava mu biyaga rugabanuka bigira ingaruka ku mvura yari isanzwe igwa muri ibyo bice.
Amashyamba asanzwe ari indiri y’ibinyabuzima bifitiye isi akamaro ntagereranywa.
Ibyo binyabuzima bikubiyemo inyoni z’amoko atandukanye zisanganywe akamaro ko kurya iningwahabiri( insects) zizwiho gutera abantu indwara nka malaria n’izindi zirimo Zika.
Amashyamba kandi akurura imvura nyinshi, itanga amahumbezi kandi amazi agwa muri yo agakora amasoko avamo imigezi n’inzuzi isi ikeneye kugira ngo itohagire n’abayituye babone ayo kunywa.
Muzirikane ko amaraso y’umuntu afite igice kingana na 70% kigizwe n’amazi!
Ubushakatsi bwakozwe n’abahanga bo muri Kenya, Afurika y’Epfo, Ethiopia, Finland n’Ubudage buherutse kuvuga ko icyo kirezi(wonder) Afurika irusha henshi ku isi kiri mu kaga.
Abahanga batangarije mu kinyamakuru Nature Communications ko gusenya amashyamba nibikomeza ku muvuduko biriho muri iki gihe, bizatuma mu mwaka wa 2030, Afurika itakaza amashyamba ari ku buso bungana n’ubw’ikirwa cya Mauritius ni ukuvuga hegitari miliyoni imwe!
Nk’ubu bivugwa ku myaka 20 ishize, amashyamba y’inzitane muri Afurika yagabanutse ku kigero kingana na 0.48% buri mwaka, ndetse ngo hari n’aho uko kugabanuka kwageze kuri 3% ku mwaka!
Ku rwego rw’isi kwangirika kwayo mashyamba kungana na 0.31%
Intandaro y’iri gabanuka ry’ubu buso ni imikoreshereze mibi y’ubutaka bugenewe ubuhinzi, aho usanga abantu badakora igenamigambi rirambye ry’uburyo abantu bazahinga, aho bazatura, aho bazororera n’ahandi hazakorerwa ibikorwa byabo byo kwiteza imbere.
Abantu batura mu kajagari, bakihutira gutema amashyamba batitaye ku ngaruka bizagira ku bidukikije muri rusange.
Icyo baba barangamiye ni inyungu z’ubukungu bw’ako kanya aho kureba kure ngo bamenye ko ibidukikije ari byo bituma ubuzima ku isi buryoha!
Umushakashatsi witwa Prof Petri Pellikka uyobora ikigo Taita Research Station cyo muri Kenya yabwiye The East African ko kuba ibicu byarazamutse mu ntera yabihuzaga n’isi byatumye bitakaza ubushobozi bwo gukurura amazi ava mu nyanja no mu biyaga bityo gukora imvura biragabanuka.
Taita ni uruhererekane rw’imisozi yo muri Kenya izwiho kugira amashyamba y’inzitane ayiteyeho, agirira akamaro abaturage bo hafi aho.
Ikibabaje ni uko amashyamba y’iki gihugu nayo yahuye n’akaga ko kwibasirwa n’abayatema, bakayagabanyiriza ibiti akumagara buhoro buhoro…
Amashyamba aha Kenya amazi menshi ni ayo ku misozi ya Mt Kenya, Ishyamba rya Mau, irya Aberdares ndetse n’umusozi witwa Mount Kilimanjaro.
Nk’ubu abahanga barabaruye basanga 50% by’ubuso bwari buteyeho ibiti ku musozi wa Kilimanjaro bwaratemwe guhera mu mwaka wa 1880.
Ni ibyemezwa na Dr.Andreas Hemp wo muri Kaminuza ya Bayreuth wamaze imyaka 30 yiga iby’uyu musozi n’ibinyabuzima byawo.
Intiti y’Umunya Ethiopia yitwa Teamesgen Abera ivuga ko bikwiye kandi byihutirwa cyane ko abafata ibyemezo bya politiki bakora vuba na bwangu bagasubiza ubuzima amashyamba magari yo muri Kenya n’ahandi muri Afurika.
Kuri we, kutabikora ni ugukurira Afurika akaga gakomeye.
u Rwanda ntako rutagira…
Ku byerekeye u Rwanda, Guverinoma yarwo imaze imyaka myinshi ikora ku buryo ubuso burenga 30% bugomba kuba buteyeho amashyamba.
Muri Gicurasi, 2024 uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’ibidukikije Dr. Jeanne D’Arc Mujawamariya yatangaje ko u Rwanda rwageze ku ntego yo gutera amashyamba ku kigero cya 30.4% by’ubuso bw’igihugu.
Mu mwaka wa 1996, mu Rwanda amashyamba angana na 65% yari yaramaze kwangirika.
Imibare igaragaza ko kuva mu mwaka wa 2010 u Rwanda rwasannye Hegitari zirenze 708,628 z’indiri z’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima zangiritse (ubutaka, amashyamba, ibishanga) binyujijwe mu mishinga 44 ya Minisiteri y’ibidukikije n’ibigo biyishamikiyeho ari byo REMA, RGF, RFA, Meteo-Rwanda na NLA.
Ingero zitangwa ni nk’isanwa ry’igishanga cya Rugezi byakozwe kuva mu mwaka wa 2008 kugeza 2010, Pariki ya Gishwati-Mukura yasanwe mu mwaka wa 2020 ikaba yaranashyizwe mu murage w’Isi (UNESCO Biosphere Reserve ).
Hari kandi Umushinga w’Amayaga atoshye (Green Amayanga), Gicumbi Itoshye (Green Gicumbi), hasanwe n’igishanga cya Nyandungu ubu kifashishwa mu bukerarugendo mu Mujyi wa Kigali (Nyandungu Ecopark).
Hari indi mishinga myinshi irimo gukorwa harimo n’uwo kongera ubudahangarwa ku myuzure ku baturage baturiye uruhererekane rw’imisozi y’ibirunga (Volcanoes Community Resilience Project, VCRP), Umushinga Ugamije Iterambere ry’Imijyi (Rwanda Urban Development Project (RUDP-II) n’indi.
U Rwanda rwihaye inteko ishingiye ku masezerano ya ‘Bonn Challenge’ y’’uko kugeza mu mwaka wa 2030 hazaba hamaze gusanwa ubutaka n’amashyamba byangiritse ku buso bwa miliyoni ebyiri, ugererenyije bingana na 76% by’ubuso bw’igihugu.
Kwangirika k’ubutaka ahanini guturuka ku bikorwa by’ubuhinzi butita ku bidukikije barimo gukoresha nabi ifumbire mvaruganda, kwangiza amashyamba (cyane cyane gutwika amashyamba no kuyasarura ateze), ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro butita ku bidukikije kandi ibyo byose bigakorerwa mu gihugu gifite imisozi myinshi kandi ihanamye!.
Isuri ituruka ku iyangirika ry’ubutaka n’amashyamba itera ihumana ry’imigezi, ibiyaga, ibishanga…nabyo bigateza imihindagurikire y’ibihe, imyuzure, amapfa n’indwara z’ibyorezo.
Uturere twose dushishikarizwa kongera imbaraga mu kurwanya isuri no gufata amazi, gufata neza ubutaka no gusubiranya indiri z’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima zangiritse ni ukuvuga ibishanga, imigezi, ibiyaga.
