Nimureke tuganire ku nkomoko y’ubukire bwa kimwe mu bihugu by’Abarabu bikize kurusha ibindi bihugu hafi ya byose ku isi, icyo kikaba Arabie Saoudite.
Iki gihugu kiri mu bihugu by’Abarabu bya mbere bikize ariko icya mbere gikize kurusha ibindi ni Qatar.
Amateka ya vuba aha ya Arabie Saoudite yerekana ko iki gihugu, mu rwego mpuzamahanga ushingiye uko ibintu biteye, cyavutse mu mwaka wa 1902 ubwo umugabo witwa Abdul Aziz bin Saud, bitaga Abdulaziz nabo bari bafatanyije bigaruriraga imijyi n’ibindi bice bya kiriya gihugu harimo na Riyadh, ubu ni Umurwa mukuru.
Yafataga buri mujyi na buri hantu, abahatuye bose bakamuyoboka, ndetse aza kugira igitekerezo cy’uko muri buri bwoko butuye ahantu yafashe, arongoramo umugore.
Byageze aho arongora abagore 22 ababyaraho abahungu 45 n’abakobwa benshi, bituma abaturage ba Arabie Saoudite bose bisanga ari abo mu gisekuru cya Saud.
Mu mwaka wa 1932 nibwo yahinduriye igihugu izina, kireka kwitwa Arabie gusa ahubwo hiyongeraho na Saudi, bityo kitwa ubwami bwa Arabie Saoudite cyangwa Saudi Arabia.
Itegeko Nshinga rigenga ubu bwami rigizwe n’ibikubiye mu gitabo gitagatifu cya Qoran.
Ubwami bw’iki gihugu kandi ni ntavogerwa kandi buruzuye, ibyo mu ndimi z’amahanga bita Monarchie Absolue.
Nta matora abubamo, ahubwo umwami iyo atanze hima umwana we.
Mu mwaka wa 1932, iki gihugu cyari gituwe n’abantu bagera kuri Miliyoni 2.8 kandi gikennye cyane nk’uko byari bimeze henshi mu bihugu by’Abarabu.
Ubuso bunini bwacyo bwari ubutayu, ahandi hasigaye hari hatuwe n’abantu bakennye ku buryo icyizere cyo kubaho ku muturage cyari imyaka 40.
Abenshi mu baturage ntibari bazi gusoma, kwandika no kubara, bikagira ingaruka nyinshi k’uburyo n’abasuraga ubwami bwa Arabie Saoudite mu ngendo ntagatifu bari bake bangana na 10%.
Umwongereza yaje guhindura ibintu…
Jack Philby ni Umwongereza amateka yemeza ko ari we ntandaro y’igitekerezo cyatumye ubwami bwa Arabie Saoudite bukungahara cyane.
Philby yavutse mu mwaka wa1885, akaba umuhanga mu ishuri cyane cyane mu ndimi zikoreshwa mu Burasirazuba bw’isi harimo n’Icyarabu.
Yize muri Kaminuza iri mu zikomeye ku isi ya Cambridge.
Mu Ugushyingo, 1917 yagiye muri Arabie Saoudite ari kumwe n’itsinda ry’abantu bane ngo baganire n’umwami Abdulaziz.
Yambutse ubutayu bwa Arabia ari ku ngamiya, aragenda ahura n’umwami baraganira birambuye.
Mu kuganira kwabo umwami yamubwiye ibyiza byo kuba Umuyisilamu, undi amutega amatwi yumva bifite ishingiro, asubiye iwabo ahindura idini.
Yageze iwabo yaka gatanya n’umugore we w’Umukristu, ahita aba Umuyisilamu arangije agaruka muri Arabie Saoudite aza yitwa Sheikh Abdullah, aharongorera umugore ndetse aza no kuba umujyanama ibwami kwa Abdulaziz.
Mu mwaka wa 1932 yaje kumugira inama y’uko kugira ngo ubwami bwe bukire, byaba byiza ahaye uburenganzira ibigo by’Abanyamerika bikaza gupima ubukire buri mu butaka bw’ubwami bwe hanyuma bakemeranya uko bwabyazwa umusaruro.
Yamubwiye ko amafaranga ibyo bigo bizakura mu bucukuzi bw’ibikomoka kuri Petelori azakoreshwa mu gukungahaza ubwami bwe, hanyuma abacukuzi nabo bakagira icyo bunguka.
Inama yamugiriye yari iyo kugurisha ubwo burenganzira ku kigo cyo muri Leta ya California, USA, kitwa Standard Oil of California(SOCAL).
Umwami yumvise bifite ishingiro arabyemera.
Uwo Mwongereza wahindutse umunya Arabie Saoudite agahindura n’izina yirinze kubwira umwami ko hari amasezerano yari afitanye n’’ikigo SOCAL yo kuzajya kimuha Komisiyo.
Imikoranire hagati y’ubwami n’ikigo SOCAL ntiyatinze gutanga umusaruro kuko mu mwaka wa 1938 amafarana yari yatangiye kwisuka binyuze mu kuvumbura ibirombe byinshi by’ibikomoka kuri petelori no kubibyaza umusaruro.
Abanyamerika bakomeje gushora muri Arabie Saoudite, bidatinze ubu bwami burakira cyane.
Mu mwaka wa 1953 umwami Abdulaziz washinze Arabie Saoudite tuzi muri iki gihe yaratanze, asiga avuze ko umwana we mukuru ari we ugomba kwima ingoma, abandi bakazagenda bayisimburanwaho kugeza bose batabarutse.
Ni muri ubwo buryo umwami wa Arabie Saoudite muri iki gihe witwa Salman ari we muhungu wa nyuma wa Abdulaziz; Salman akaba nawe ashaje kuko afite imyaka 89.
Icyakora hashize imyaka itanu umwami Salman agennye ko umuhungu we witwa Mohammed Bin Salman ufite imyaka 39 y’amavuko ari we uzamusimbura ku ngoma.
Mohammed Bin Salman, nk’umuntu ukiri muto kandi ureba aho isi igeze, yasanze ubwami butakomeza kurambiriza ku gucukura no kugurisha ibikomoka kuri petelori gusa ahubwo atekereza ubundi buryo igihugu cyazatera imbere.
Abaturage ba Arabie Saoudite bari mu babayeho neza kurusha abandi ku isi kuko badasora ifaranga na rimwe, ahubwo bitabwaho na Leta y’ubwami bwabo ikabaha serivisi z’ubuzima ku buntu, abana bakigira ubuntu amashuri yose na Kaminuza kandi buri kwezi buri rugo rugahabwa amafaranga yo kwikenura.
Mu kureba kure, Mohammed Bin Salman yasanze ari ngombwa ko abahanga b’igihugu cye batangira gutekereza uko ubukungu bwacyo bwazatera imbere budashingiye gusa kuri petelori.
Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zatumye i Riyadh nabo batangira gutekereza icyakorwa ngo ubukungu bwabo butazagwa ubwo imodoka zikoresha ibikomoka kuri petelori zizaba zagabanutse cyane ku isoko mpuzamahanga.
Nk’ubu ibihugu by’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi byamaze kwemeza ko imodoka nk’izo zizaba zitagikoreshwa yo cyane mu mwaka wa 2035 mu gihe u Bwongereza bwo buzaba bwabikoze bitarenze umwaka wa 2030.
Biragaragara ko ejo hazaza h’imodoka zikoresha ibikomoka kuri petelori atari heza.
Abahanga bari gukora ibyuma bibyaza umuyaga amashanyarazi, n’ibiyabyaza imirasire y’izuba.
Ingufu za kirimbuzi nazo ziri muzibyazwa amashanyarazi mu bihugu byinshi, urugero nk’u Bufaransa aho 18% by’amashanyarazi yose yabwo ari aho ava.
Arabie Saoudite ubu ituwe n’abantu bari hagati ya Miliyoni 34 na 38, igikomangoma Mohammed bin Salman akaba ari gutekereza uko bazabaho neza mu gihe kiri imbere batarambirije ku bukungu bushingiye kuri Petelori ahubwo bugashingira k’uguhanga udushya.
