Ubushakashatsi bushya buragaragaza ko inzuki zigira uruhare rukomeye mu kubangurira ibimera (pollination) burya zifite ubwenge burenze kure uko twabitekerezaga.
Byagombye gutuma abantu bahindura uko basanzwe batekereza kuri zimwe mu nyamaswa z’ingenzi cyane ku isi.
Mu kibaya cy’imisozi yo mu Majyaruguru ya New Mexico, abantu n’inzuki bose muri ibi bihe baba bitegura igihe cy’imbeho.
Hamwe muri aho hantu ni k’umugore witwa Addelina Lucero ufite urugo mu gace ka Taos Pueblo.
Hafi y’irembo rye, hari ikirundo kinini cy’inkwi cyegeranye n’udusanduku tw’inzuki tubiri twubatse mu buryo bw’urukiramende tuzengurukishijwe ikinyabutabire cyakozwe n’inzuki gifasha gufunga aho ziba mu gihe cy’ubukonje n’inzara.
Melanie Kirby, umworozi w’inzuki kavukire muri ako gace kandi usanzwe ari ubushakashatsi, yambaye umwenda woroshye urinda mu maso, maze afungura kamwe muri utwo dusanduku, akuramo ibice byamanitswemo ubuki arabigenzura kugira ngo abone umwamikazi w’inzuki— uyu aba uruta izindi zose ubunini inshuro ebyiri.
Kirby yasohoye inyandiko yageneye National Geographic agira ati: “Uyu ni we mubyeyi wacu.”
Yise uwo mwamikazi w’inzuki umubyeyi wabo kuko ahanini kugira ngo beze imyaka inzuki zishinzwe kurinda uwo mwami ari zo zibigiramo uruhare binyuze mu kubangurira ibimera by’aho hantu.
Hirya no hino ku isi, inzuki zipfa ari nyinshi cyane zibasiwe n’ibibazo byinshi: udukoko tuzitera indwara, imiti yica udukoko ituma zipfa, ndetse no kubura aho ziba.
Ibi byamenyekanye cyane binyuze ku nzuki zitanga ubuki kuko zifitanye isano ikomeye n’ubuhinzi bw’abantu.
Aborozi b’inzuki( babita abavumvu) bajyana utwo dusanduku( mu Kinyarwanda batwita imitiba) bakadushyira ahantu henshi kugira ngo bifashe inzuki kubona aho zihova.
Ubusanzwe ku isi hari ubwoko 20,000 bw’inzuki zifasha mu kubangurira kimwe cya gatatu cy’ibimera n’ibihingwa biri kuri uyu mubumbe, bigatuma abantu n’amatungo babona amafunguro.
Nubwo tuzi bike ku nzuki zo mu gasozi, ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko umubare wazo ugabanuka ku isi hose—kuva ku nzuki zibaho zonyine kugeza ku zibaho mu matsinda nk’inzuki nini (bumblebees).
Muri Mata, 2025, abavumvu bo muri Amerika batangaje ko 55% by’inzuki zabo zapfuye mu mwaka umwe gusa—ibyo bikaba ari byo byabaye bibi kurusha ibindi bihe byose.
Mu myaka 20 ishize, wa mushakashatsi twatangiranye witwa Melanie yakoranye n’umufatanyabikorwa we Mark Spitzig mu kororoka no guteza imbere ubwoko bw’inzuki yise “LongeviBEES,” zimenyereye neza ikirere cya New Mexico.
Aba bombi ntibakoresha imiti y’ubutabire mu kurwanya udukoko twitwa ‘varroa mite’ dutera intege nke inzuki kandi tukazizanira n’indwara.
Ahubwo bategereza ko umwamikazi w’inzuki abaho nibura imyaka ibiri mbere yo kumubyaza, kugira ngo bamenye ko ashoboye kubaho no guhangana n’ibibazo.
Abahanga mu binyabuzima muri iki gihe bari kurebera hamwe uko inzuki zikemura ibibazo zihura nabyo cyane cyane iyo zitunguwe.
Hashize imyaka icumi, Kirby ahaye Lucero zimwe muri izo nzuki, amusaba kuzireka zigakora ubuzima bwazo, zikagira uko zikemura ibibazo byazo.
Kandi koko zarabishoboye.
Lucero yagize ati: “Zishobora rwose kwishakira ibisubizo.”
Mu myaka mike ishize, abahanga barushijeho kumenya uko inzuki zitekereza, bamenya ko zishobora kugenda urugero rurerure cyane zishakisha indabo zo guhova kandi zikabikora ziyobowe n’izuba, nyuma zikaza kugaruka mu mitiba yazo zitayobye na gato.
Banabonye ko iyo ziri kugaruka mu mizinga habura urugendo ruto ngo ziyigereho, zigakora “imbyino” zimenyesha izindi aho indabyo nziza ziri kandi zikazafasha kumenya igihe cyiza cyo kwimuka no kumenya ahabereye zakwimukirwa.
Byagaragaye ko n’uruyuki rumwe rushobora kugira ubwenge burenze uko benshi babyumvaga—rugashobora gufata ibyemezo byatekerezwaga ko bishoboka gusa ku nyamaswa zifite urutirigongo.
Ahanini byemezwa n’abahanga ko izo nyamaswa ari zo zigira ubuhanga bwo kwikemurira ibibazo kurusha inigwahabiri.
Kera, abahanga batekerezaga ko inzuki ari nk’imashini zitagira ubwenge, zikora ibyo zaremewe gukora gusa. Ndetse n’umuhanga Karl von Frisch yavuze ko ubwonko bw’inzuki ari buto cyane ku buryo butatekereza.
Ariko mu myaka ishize, abashakashatsi nka Lars Chittka bakoze igerageza rigaragaza ko inzuki zifite ubushobozi bwo ‘gutekereza’.
Mu 1990, yakoze igerageza ryo kureba niba inzuki zishobora kubara.
Bashyizeho ibimenyetso byinshi ku murongo, bashyira ibiryo hagati yabyo. Nubwo byahinduwe, inzuki zakomeje gushakira ibiryo ahantu hamwe—bigaragaza ko zibara ibimenyetso zinyuraho.
Nyuma y’aho, yakoze andi magerageza agaragaza ko inzuki zishobora kumenya imiterere y’ibintu, gutandukanya ibimenyetso, kumenya amasura y’abantu, gukorera hamwe no gutegura ejo hazaza.
Zirimo abubatsi
Inzuki ni abubatsi b’abahanga cyane. Zubaka inzu zikoresheje ibikoresho zibona hafi yazo.
Muri abo bubatsi harimo abacukura umusingi n’abandi babuka urugo umwamikazi, ibyegera n’izindi nzuki babamo.
Inzuki kandi zizwiho ubuhanga bwo gukoresha iby’abandi mu buryo buzigirira akamaro.
Kuba ziba mu matsinda haba mu mitiba, mu butaka, mu biti no mu bitare byeretse abahanga ko zifite uburyo bwo gusangira amakuru n’ibindi bizifitiye akamaro nk’itsinda.
Ubushobozi bwazo bushobora guterwa n’uko zibaho mu isi ihindagurika cyane.
Zisabwa kumenya aho zabona ubuki bwiza, kwibuka aho buri, gufata ibyemezo byihuse ku nyungu zisangiwe no kwirinda igihombo.
Nanone zigomba kwirinda abanzi, kumenya gushaka amazi no kugendana n’imihindagurikire y’izuba n’ikirere.
Chittka asobanura ko ubwenge nyabwo buva ku kwiga ku giti cyawe, atari ku byo umuntu avukanye.
Nk’uko umuntu atavukana ubumenyi bwo gutwara igare, n’inzuki zigomba kwiga kumenya aho zibona indabyo.
Igitangaje kurushaho ni uko inzuki zishobora kwiga kandi zikigisha izindi-urugero nko kumenya gukoresha ikintu runaka hagamijwe kugera ku nyungu runaka.
Hari n’igerageza ryakozwe ku marangamutima yazo rigaragaza ko burya zigira n’ubwoba bigatuma zitinya kwegera ahari abanzi bazo.
Byigeze kubaho ubwo abahanga bazitinyishaga ibikeri nyuma bakaza kubihavana ariko nazo ntizongere gupfa kugaruka aho hantu.
Mu buryo bunyuranye n’ubwo, iyo zihawe ibintu bituma zishima, birazikurura n’ejo zikagaruka, bivuze ko ‘zigira ku mateka’.
Nubwo bidashatse kuvuga ko zitekereza nk’abantu, ibi bishobora kugaragaza ko zifite ibyiyumvo.
Uyu munsi, abashakashatsi ku isi hose barashaka kumenya uko inzuki zihindura imyitwarire yazo kugira ngo zibashe kubaho.
Uko bimeze kose, hari icyo bemeranyaho: Inzuki ni inigwahabiri zihariye muri byinshi.
