Mu gihe kirenga imyaka 20, abashakashatsi mu by’ubukungu bagaragaje ko umubyibuho ukabije ugira ingaruka ku mushahara—cyane cyane ku bagore- bitewe n’uko ubabuza amahwemo ntibakore akazi neza.
Urugero, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2004 bwerekanye ko iyo umugore yiyongereyeho ibilo 30 ku byo yari asanganywe, umusaruro yatangaga mu kazi ugabanukaho hafi 9% kandi nabyo bikajyanirana n’uko umushahara we ugabanywa.
Ibi biba bumusubije inyuma ho imyaka itatu ku gihe cye cy’uburambe.
Iyi ngingo rero irumvikana ku bahanga ariko bibaza icyaba kibitera, gusa, nk’uko Jennifer Bennett Shinall wo muri Vanderbilt University abivuga, hari ibisobanuro bitatu byemezwa, ku kigero kinini mu rugero runaka, ku cyaba gitera ibyo byose.
Kuba abagore babyibushye bahembwa amafaranga make, abashakashatsi bamwe bavuga ko biterwa n’uko bo ubwabo bihitaramo gukora imirimo ‘izabahemba make ariko ntibavune.’
Indi mpamvu- kandi ishobora kuba yemerwa na benshi- ni iy’uko abakoresha bahemba abagore babyibushye cyane amafaranga make kuko baba babona ko ntabo kintu kinini binjiza.
Impamvu ya gatatu ni iy’ivangura ribakorerwa aho bamwe bamaze kwishyiramo ko kuba munini biba bivuze ubunebwe no kuba ‘ikinnyeteri’.
Mu bushakashatsi bwe, Shinall yasesenguye amakuru ajyanye n’ibilo by’abantu, imishahara, n’ubwoko bw’imirimo.
Yibanze cyane ku bintu bibiri ari byo ingufu z’umubiri zisabwa n’akazi runaka kaba kagomba gukorwa ndetse n’urwego rw’imikoranire n’abandi.
Yasanze abagore bafite umubyibuho ukabije bakunda gukora imirimo idasaba imbaraga z’umubiri kurusha indi
Uko ibiro byiyongera, ni ko no gukora imirimo isaba imbaraga bigorana.
Abagore bafite umubyibuho ukabije cyane bakora imirimo isaba gukorana n’abantu bahembwa make ho 5% ugereranyije n’abagore bafite ibiro bisanzwe kandi bakora imirimo imwe.
Ku rundi ruhande, hari abavuga ahubwo ko umugore ubyibushye cyane aba ashaka gukora imirimo isaba imbaraga ngo arebe ko wenda ibinure afite byazagabanuka.
Icyakora usanga akenshi bitamukundira kuko umubyibuho nk’uwo umutera kunanirwa vuba, amasaha amara mu kazi akagabanuka.
Ikindi abahanga babonye, ni uko abagabo n’abagore banganya ibilo badatanga umusaruro ungana niyo baba bakora akazi kamwe.
Ibyo byatumye umwe mu bashakashatsi bo muri National Geographic batangaza ko iby’umubyibuho ukabije no kudatanga umusaruro mu kazi bidashingira byanze bikunze ku muntu ubwe, ahubwo ari imiterere y’uko ateye hashingiwe ahubwo ku gitsina yavukanye.
Indi ngingo ikunze kuvugwa kuba intandaro y’uko abagore babyibushye cyane badatanga umusaruro ufatika mu kazi bityo bagahembwa make, ni iy’uko umugore munini abantu babona ko ‘atari mwiza’.
Iki ni ikibazo kuko abagore aho bava bakagera bumva kandi bemera ko ari beza.
Iyo hari utumwe batiyumva batyo bigira ingaruka mu bitekerezo byabo bityo ntibakore neza ngo batange umusaruro bityo ntibanahembwe neza.
Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muri Suwede bwerekanye ko abantu bafite amafoto agaragaza umubyibuho ukabije bahamagarwa gake mu kazi kurusha abafite amafoto yabo bananutse.
Ikibazo gikomeye ni ukumenya impamvu ibi bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku bagore kurusha abagabo.
Igitekerezo kibisobanura ni icy’uko mu muryango umugabo ubyibushye hari ubwo afatwa nk’usetsa” cyangwa umuntu ‘usanzwe’ ariko umugore ubyibushye agafatwa nabi.
Ubushakashatsi bwo mu mwaka wa 2011 ku rubyiruko bwagaragaje ko benshi bavuga ko byoroshye kandi ntacyo bitwaye kuba umuhungu ubyibushye kurusha kuba umukobwa ubyibushye.
Muri Amerika, hari ahantu hake hafite amategeko abuza ivangura rishingiye ku biro.
Ahandi, abagore bashobora kurega bakoresheje itegeko rirwanya ivangura rishingiye ku gitsina nka Title VII of the Civil Rights Act binyuze mu buryo bwitwa “sex-plus” (ivangura rikomatanyije igitsina n’ikindi kintu nk’imyaka cyangwa ibiro).
Nubwo bitaragaragazwa burundu ko ari ivangura, ibimenyetso byinshi byerekana ko abagore bafite umubyibuho ukabije baba bashobora guhura n’akarengane ku kazi—by’umwihariko ugereranyije n’abagabo bafite ikibazo kimwe.
Ibi bigaragaza ikibazo cy’imyumvire n’imyitwarire y’abakoresha n’umuryango muri rusange.
Uko bimeze kose, umubyibuho ikabije ni ikibazo haba ku buzima bw’uwufite, ku mibanire ye n’abandi( kuko hari abamufata ukundi) none abahanga barerekana ko bigira ingaruka no ku mushahara ‘ashobora guhembwa’.
